International Entry

International Entry Executive Summary It is surprising that the profitability of large retail booksellers in Japan is relatively poor with their sales being small compared to other countries in the world (Directory of Japanese publishing and bookselling, 1982). One of the major players in the market is the Saihan system that ensures market control by fixing the price of the products in the industry (Directory of Japanese publishing and bookselling: a guide to the market for British books, journals and literary rights in Japan (1st ed), 1978).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on International Entry-Mode Choices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Farrell, this system deters the entry of new retailers into the bookselling industry, and has often been labeled as â€Å"anti-competitive,† and â€Å"collusive† (2005, p. 29). A comparison is therefore necessary with other countries and especially the United States to estab lish the validity and effects of the system to the bookselling market. Introduction The impact that the introduction of the Saihan system in Japan has had on retail booksellers is an issue that has aroused a never-ending debate. As Farrell states, there are advantages and disadvantages of having the system in Japan since the effects are different for the various companies (2005, p. 29).  Some of the companies operating in this country include Bookoff and Amazon Japan both of which have recorded mixed returns with the system in place (Govindarajan, Gupta, 2001, p. 5). An evaluation of the effect that the dissolution of the Saihan system would have on the industry is also a spotlight of this paper with the focus being on the two companies.  As a board member of Barnes and Noble, I will make an evaluation and feasibility study on the possibility of opening a series of bookstores in the country with the consideration of the Saihan. Background This paper focuses on the Japanese book selling industry showing how competitors were able to establish their position within the industry. Japan is a country with a well-developed reading culture with most of her citizens having a habit of reading books of all genres (Directory of Japanese publishing and bookselling 1982). One would therefore expect the book Retail Markets in the country to be well established and profitable given that the culture is a positive one to this industry. Problem Statement According to the Directory of Japanese publishing and bookselling (1982), the bookselling industry in Japan has a history of diminished returns over the years. A major contributor to this hitch is the restrictive Saihan system (Brewer, Young, Guisinger, 2003, p. 29). The aim is therefore to investigate the feasibility of starting a branch of a multinational bookstore with evaluation of the effects of Saihan system on the other existing bookstores in Japan. The evaluation of the effects that the dissolution of the Saihan sys tem would have on the Japanese retail Booksellers also takes pre-eminence in the essay.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of the Problem According to Gurnsey and Henderson, Japanese bookstores are thought to have a prosperous development (1984, p.17). However, in this country, the booksellers suffer low profits with their companies mainly being small scale (Melville, 1999, p. 47). As Melville states, the cause of the problem is mainly the Saihan system (1999, p. 47). Other factors that have been established as causes of the problems include the return policy and the lack of financial disclosure existing in these firms (Minowa, 1990, p. 97). The Saihan system establishes that the sale of books has to be under the set price with the publishers being responsible for the setting or fixing of the price (Bartlett, Ghoshal, 1998, p. 19: Womack, 1990). As a busine ss rule, new entrants in a market have to use pricing in addiction to other factors to attract new customers and steal those being served by the older firms (Hatch, Dyer, 2004, p. 29). Japanese retail booksellers are however denied this privilege by the Saihan system, as it is not possible for them to use price as a weapon in the process of competition (Farrell, 2005, p. 48). The customers are also described as not being loyal to any of the retailers, as they find no difference in buying from them (Peng, 2001, p. 29). According to Farrell, the sale of the books in Japan is not dependent on a word of mouth, but rather on reviews and advertisement thus meaning that significant revenue goes to advertisement (2005, p. 48). As opposed to other regions of the world where financial statements of the companies are readily available to the public, the retail bookselling firms in Japan are not good at disclosing their financial statements (Farrell, 2005, p. 48). The companies are therefore l ikely to produce figures that are not matching with the actual profits. Another problem that Sirmon, Hitt, and Ireland explain is the return policy in the Japan bookselling industry (2007). According to them, retailers can freely return the unsold books to publishers for an equivalent amount of credit (Sirmon, Hitt, Ireland, 2007). The implication of this strategy is that there is no need for stock inventory and that a bigger scale is necessary (Farrell, 2005, p. 57). These are some of the problems that the industry is tolerating with the most significant being the Saihan system.  The Saihan system would be illegal in many countries especially in the United States where a policy is in place to guide and control the existing industries. According to Prestowitz, one of the protective factors in the US is the constitution that allows the freedom of starting a profit making organization or company (1988, p. 42).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on International Entry-Mode Choices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The companies’ act that is in place also ensures that would-be retailers are not deprived of their rights. The retail bookselling industry here is also free of any bonds that would restrict new entrants into the industry with the return policy being non-existent (Farrell, 2005, p. 36). This case may explain the performance of the industry. Bookoff and Amazon Japan are some of the companies that have established themselves in the Industry (Farrell, 2005, p. 48). The entry of Amazon into the Japanese bookselling market was met with a big challenge (Farrell, 2005, p. 27). The Saihan provided the most of this challenge (Peng, Heath, 1996, p. 498). However, Amazon Japan was able to make intelligent adjustments to bypass the system in a bid to ensure profitability. According to Farrell, the company enabled its Japanese clients to purchase books via a series of outlets by paying them thro ugh credit cards (2005, p. 31). It also provided free shipping of books to the customer thus enabling the bypassing of the system. Another brilliant idea was the accumulation of points by its customers, which would then be exchanged for books (Farrell, 2005, p. 38). The company also bypassed the Saihan by having a third party sales of books through the market sales it organized besides charging a commission on the sale of the books (Farrell, 2005, p. 38). This means that the company was not directly involved in sales, but was benefitting from them, thereby being not guilty as per the Saihan system. Alternatives and Criteria Selection The main consideration for a company to invest in Japan is respect to the set laws and guidelines. The Saihan system and the related laws are just but a few of the examples. The other requirements for a company to invest in the country’s bookselling industry are cautious evaluation of the market dynamics and the existing competition. Since there is no single company that can claim dominance in the retail bookselling industry in Japan (Peng, Heath, 1996, p. 498), Barnes and Noble stand a good chance of starting on a profitable path. All that the company requires is the financial input that is directed towards the marketing of its products (Peng, Heath, 1996, p. 498). The company also needs to learn from the previous attempts to penetrate this market. In fact, a good idea would be to use the experience of Amazon Japan. As Yeung states, there is a need to come up with an effective strategy when setting up a business or subsidiaries with the replication of ideas that have worked for other businesses being also accepted (2006, p. 59).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company should therefore attempt to start marketing criteria that are close to that of Amazon Japan in an effort to incorporate a strategy that is focused on going round the Saihan system. Barnes and Noble should also diversify on their products in this market. The creation of many products has been shown to be a way of obtaining customers’ loyalty, as they can easily get what they are looking for within one roof (Yeung, 2006, p. 17). The formulation of a competition as a marketing strategy where customers would accumulate points and or use them to purchase the commodities is also one of the ways of enhancing profitability (Yeung, 2006, p. 17). Recommendation From the discussion of the effects of the various factors affecting the retail booksellers in the Japanese market, a number of recommendations emerge. These are related to the theories put forward on marketing and consumer dynamics (Peng, Heath, 1996, p. 523). A foremost recommendation is the dissolution of the Saih an as a component of the retail bookselling industry in the country. This step would increase competition between the companies promoting profitability and or increasing sales (Peng, Heath, 1996, p. 527). With the dissolution of the Saihan in the country, a number of effects would be felt in the industry and the financial market in Japan in general. As stated above, one of the effects would be the development of stern competition between stakeholders in the industry. Competition is a good thing for businesses, as it encourages them to improve efficiency and customer service (Farrell, 2005, p. 67). On the other hand, the retail market bookselling in Japan has largely been in existence with no precise member having an edge over the other due to the restrictions imposed by the Saihan system (Farrell, 2005, p. 67). With the dissolution of the system therefore, some of the companies would have an advantage over the others depending on their financial base. This case would mean that the smaller firms are kicked out of the market, as they would not be able to offer a competitive pricing for the books (Farrell, 2005, p. 67). Another possible recommendation is the institution of free deliveries and shipping from warehouses in the United States. This strategy would be another way of promoting loyalty and profitability for Barnes and Noble (Acedo, Barroso, Galan, Ali, 2006, p. 630). The relocation and opening of a branch in this country requires a careful study of the market. No company should be in a hurry to do so without doing the necessary groundwork. This argument is also supported by Barney (2001, p. 23) who says that the company should therefore evaluate the consumer profile and preference before setting up a branch here. Action plan A possible action plan for the company is considered after the discussion of the Saihan and its effects. A personal recommendation is that Barnes and Noble should not invest in the retail bookselling market in Japan in the current p revailing circumstances. The major deterrence for this decision is the Saihan. However, with the dissolution of the Saihan, this decision would change to facilitate the opening of the branch. Another plan would be to set up a strong marketing team. As suggested by Kotler, for any business to be successful even in the absence of the Saihan, there needs to be an effective marketing plan (1986, p. 17). Conclusion In conclusion, the Saihan system closely monitors and controls bookselling retail market in Japan. Some of the problems that have compounded to produce the low profits and sales experienced in this industry have also been discussed with appropriate recommendations. With the dissolution of the Saihan system, a personal consideration would be to set up a branch for Barnes and Noble in the country. Reference List Acedo, F., Barroso, C., Galan, J., Ali (2006). The resource-based theory. SMJ, 27(1), 621–636. Barney, J. (2001). Is the resource-based view a useful perspective for strategic management research?. AMR, 26(4), 41–56. Bartlett, C., Ghoshal, S. (1998). Managing across borders: the transnational solution. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press. Brewer, L., Young, S., Guisinger, E. (2003). The new economic analysis of multinationals an agenda for management, policy and research. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar. Directory of Japanese publishing and bookselling (1982). London: The British  Council. Directory of Japanese publishing and bookselling: a guide to the market for British  books, journals and literary rights in Japan (1978). London: British Council. Farrell, D. (2005). Offshoring: Value creation through economic change. Journal of Management Studies, 42(1), 675–683. Govindarajan, V., Gupta, K. (2001). The quest for global dominance: transforming global presence into global competitive advantage. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Gurnsey, J., Henderson, H. (1984). Electronic publishing trends in the United States, Euro pe and Japan: an update of Electronic document delivery III. Oxford: Learned Information. Hatch, N., Dyer, J. (2004). Human capital and learning as a source of competitive advantage. SMJ, 25(2), 1155–1178. Kotler, P. (1986). Principles of marketing (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Melville, I. (1999). Marketing in Japan. Oxford England: Butterworth-Heinemann. Minowa, S. (1990). Book publishing in a societal context: Japan and the West. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press ;. Peng, M. (2001). The resource-based view and international business. JM, 27(1),  803–829. Peng, W., Heath, P. (1996). The growth of the firm in planned economies in transition. AMR, 21(4), 492–528. Prestowitz, V. (1988). Trading places: how we allowed Japan to take the lead. New York: Basic Books. Sirmon, D., Hitt, M., Ireland, R. D. (2007). Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value. AMR, 32(4), 273–292. Womack, J. (1990). The Machine that changed the world. New York: Maxwell Macmillan International. Yeung, A. (2006). Setting the people up for success: How the Portman Ritz-Carlton Hotel gets the best from its people. Human Resource Management, 45(2), 267–275.

Justice and Christians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Justice and Christians - Essay Example criminals are treated by laws alone in pursuit of justice beyond spiritual guidance, knowing the rigidity of discipline imposed by the justice system ruling, such setting may further aggravate any state of psychological imbalance with inmates. The authorities taking custody of these people may as well not find themselves able to provide sufficient moral support at getting exhausted with daily routine of having to attend to a somewhat unmanageable number of other detained suspects. It is hence more than reasonable for Christian standards to modify the objectives of employing justice in this regard. Every true Christian acts by faith and teachings which exhibit a humble, patient, and compassionate attitude of dealing with a sinner without prior judgment (Christian Justice). By the freedom of exercising righteous deed towards any one, a considerate person who handles an offender may do so in a Christian manner of promoting the essence of love and faith in life through the Holy Scriptures. Once the erring party manifests being moved in response to the atmosphere filled with love, there is high probability that this person would in turn be inspired to change heart and give the favor back. In the process, Christian justice could possibly enable the convicted person to understand the gravity of his sins then to find no great deal in the will to be executed or be served proper charges since by this time, he would have taken a huge step to forgive himself. As a result, Christianity transforms the individual at fault and establishes in him a type of conviction which is able to overcome remorse and discern the fairness in the fact that justice would not be held back from sinner. At this stage the offender, having been spiritually renewed, accepts his punishment wholeheartedly. Similarly, an act of a just Christian reaches out to the victim by supplication of comfort and bridges the gap between the victim and the person in offense. To a certain extent, the former may also

Examine Tran Anh Hung's Cyclo in the ways that the film deals with Essay

Examine Tran Anh Hung's Cyclo in the ways that the film deals with violence, capitalism and representations of gender - Essay Example In the small house where the boy lives, he is with his grandfather and his small sister who both works hard to ensure the family gets the basic needs. The poor peace enjoyed by the family comes under jeopardy when the boy loses the hired Cyclo culminating the change of his life and that of his sister. Through the influence of a poet who works for the Boss Lady, the owner of the Pedi-cab and the same person who stole it, the boy is introduced to crime and his young sister to prostitution. There is violence within the city and the boy is given harder tasks but he is spared from death despite failing to kill his assigned target as a result of a form of developed love that connects him to his deceased mentally retarded son. Capitalism leads to violence and gender oppression in Vietnam because of the failure of government institutions obligated with the role of running the nation. To effectively capture the themes depicted by the author, it is important to focus on a detailed analysis of two scenes presented in the film. The first scene is essential as it gives the audience a basis behind the young boy’s life as one of the main protagonists in the film. It is through his daily chores where the young boy is ferrying passengers in Saigon City where the mind of the young boy reflects on the voice of his deceased father. The voice is heard by the audience from the background advising the boy on the need to live a better life than that of his father. There is a tone of pity from the voice of the deceased father as he recalls how he left his son and daughter with nothing (0: 01- 6). Buoyed by the words of his father, Cyclo is determined to change the state of his life and that of his family. The idea is almost a reality after a short while where Cyclo with another person finds good news on the newspaper about sourcing for loans from the

Human Sexuality Essay Example for Free

Human Sexuality Essay William and Jessie both 23 years old have been dating for 3 years. They plan to get married in 2 years when they finish with graduate school. About three months ago William had an unplanned and alcohol induced intercourse with a colleague from work. The couple are in counseling and working on issues of trust and communication. Recently, they have started having sexual intercourse. Jessie says she is unable to climax like in the past. William says he is doing everything the same and thinks she still blames him. Looking at William and Jessie’s case, I believe that the possible societal and gender influences related to William’s and Jessie’s concerns are the male and female sexual scripts. According to Strong, DeVault, Sayad and Yarber (2008), â€Å"Sexual Scripts refers to the acts, rules, and expectations associated with a particular role† (p. 143). All humans are sexual beings; however we all are diverse in terms of our sexual definitions and script expectations. Sexual scripts are not innate, yet they are learned through culture and socialization (Strong et al. 2008). There are as many distinctive sexual scripts as there are people, nonetheless some of these scripts have common themes and can be recognized as a shared blueprint or trend in the larger society. Some male scripts that are relatable to Williams’s concerns are: Performance is a thing that counts. A man always wants sex and is ready for it and, sexual intercourse leads to orgasm. Society has this idea that is embedded in many people that sex to men is something to be accomplished (Strong et al. 2008). It is important for us to notice that in Williams situation, he is feeling like â€Å"less of a man†, in other words, his ego is bruised, because he cannot make Jessie climax. Additionally, there are sexual scripts allotted to women as well. Some female scripts relatable to Jessie’s concerns are: â€Å"The traditional male sexual scripts focuses on sex over feelings, the traditional female sexual script focuses on feelings over sex, on love over passion† (p. 41). Jessie apparently has issues during sex because she can’t get over the thought of Williams having sexual contact with another woman, especially when William is supposed become Jessie’s future husband. The sexual script that relates to this issue is that the woman does not want to have sex, sex is uncomfortable for her or not pleasurable for her. However due to female sexual scripts, women should not talk about sex (Strong et al. , 2008). Sexual scripts are similar to traditional gender roles; society holds men and women accountable for the roles and expectations that have been set for them and if we fail to live up to them, then we are failures at our gender. Moreover, there are indeed biological and psychological components of William and Jessie’s case. Starting with William, he can’t achieve to make Jessie Climax. Psychological causes include trust and communication related stress and anxiety, because he too busy trying to gain Jesse’s trust. Because of this William is most likely concerned about his sexual performance, trust issues and the guilt of having sexual intoxicate intercourse with his work colleague. For women in particular, emotional closeness is a main component in sexual desire (Strong et al. , 2008) and because William cheated with a colleague, she perhaps could have grown psychologically distant. As stated by Strong et al. (2008), â€Å"Desire is the psychological component of sexual arousal† (p. 92). According to the Masters and Johnson’s four-phrase model of sexual response, Kaplan’s tri-phasic model of sexual response and Loulan’s sexual response model, they all include desire and excitement as key elements to sexual response and pleasure and without these two elements, a person cannot truly experience the true satisfaction of sexual intercourse and an orgasm (Strong et al. , 2008). In relation to this case the developmental concerns related to the early adulthood stage according to Strong et al. 2008) are the following: Integrating love and sex, forging intimacy and making commitments. Integrating love and sex was not integrated when it comes to Williams’s infidelity. William was more so thinking with his penis rather than thinking about the love of his life Jessie. As the female, Jessie thinks more with her heart and values the love for William. The thought of betrayal from William, may possibly be disheartening and could hinder Jessie from climaxi ng during intimacy. In Jessie’s mind, loving William and having that solid connection with him was important to her. Furthermore this developmental concern strongly compares to the male sexual script with thoughts of sex over feelings, while the woman’s thoughts consist of feelings over sex. The key to integrating love and sex was missing because of Williams’s infidelity. Therefore uniting the two will take a longer process to connect. Forging intimacy and making commitments plays an integral part in the developmental concerns in this case as well. According to Strong et al. (2008) as a relationship become more meaningful, the degree of intimacy and interdependence increases. As adults become more intimate, most desire to develop their ability to make commitments. In relation to William and Jesse they are in a meaningful relationship, they were planning to get married and spend the rest of their lives with one another, before the infidelity occurred. It is my assumption the intimacy was on a higher level but after the infidelity occurred the intimacy decreased and the trust and communication issues began to form. During the early adulthood stage young adults begin to attend college and students began to meet lots of people in their age bracket. There will be opportunities during college where students attend plenty of social gatherings (frat/sororities houses and parties) and majority of the time alcohol and drugs are involved as well as risky sexual activities. Strong et al (2008) strongly believes that among college students, the use of alcohol is associated with an increased risk of unwanted intercourse, sexual violence and STDS. Since Jesse and William are in the early adulthood stage, it is a strong possibility William wants to venture out in a since before he gets married. Maybe he feels pressured and tied down to Jessie. Lastly, infidelity is common amongst the early adulthood population. Research by McAnaulty and Brineman (2007), states that 41% of the students identified having sexual intercourse with a person other than ones primary partner as constituting being unfaithful. More students (57%) identified dating/spending time with another as unfaithfulness. Infidelity can greatly affect committed relationships, because it could cause a lack of communication and trust worthiness. When relationships are broken, a lot of emotions occur such as lack of sleep, a decrease in appetite, anxiety and constant crying in some cases.

New England Vs Chesapeake :: essays papers

New England Vs Chesapeake Early English colonies in America hardly resembled the union of men and women that would later fight against England and build a new country. In fact, until the mid-eighteenth century, most English colonists had very little, if anything to do with the settlers in neighboring colonies. They heard news of Indian wars and other noteworthy events, not from the colony itself, but from England. The colonies in the New World appeared completely different and the prospect of any unity between them seemed impossible. The colonies in New England and the Chesapeake exemplify the many differences in the culture and lifestyles of the settlers, created mainly because of the fact that their founding fathers had held separate intentions when they came to the New World. The New England and Chesapeake colonies were both settled by immigrants from England, the New England colonies being founded by the English from East Anglia, an area in eastern England. Though this was an area thriving with small towns that they had generally liked, they decided to flee England due to religious persecution. Hundreds of families, men, women and their children, came in search of a New World where they could practice their beliefs freely. They founded colonies such as Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island as model Christian societies. Their cities upon the hills were guides, the lanterns, for those lost in the darkness of humanity, as John Winthrop meant by his famous statement. They formed a society of strict religious participation, actually very much resembling their homeland. In the beginning, many called themselves Puritans, and kept things very simple and plain, concentrating on what was important to them. They used the community to achieve t heir goals, building new towns and enjoying the social aspect of their religion. At the same time, they were committed to remain working hard to keep their community productive. They believed the â€Å"idle hands† were the devil’s workshops. An issue that really defined a split between the societies was the slavery conflict. The northerners in New England held true to their belief that every man shall be equal and no one should be enslaved, while the southerners in the Chesapeake area strongly believed in the use of slavery. At the same time the New Englanders worked to help end slavery by preaching to others about the injustices, they worked diligently to make education in their society strong.

Behavioral And Social Learning Approaches Personality Assessment

Personality can be defined as a hypothetical concept that constitute those relatively stable and enduring aspects of an individual which distinguishes them from other people making them unique, but which at the same time permit a comparison between individual. There are various approaches that conceptualize personality. These are; the psychoanalytic perspective, the trait theory, behaviorist (learning) theory, humanistic theories cognitive and biological approaches. This paper however will explore the behavioral and social learning theory approaches to personality.The focus will be in comparing and contrasting them and relating them to a personal personality disorder. The social learning theory is an approach that argues that we learn through imitation, modeling, and observation of other people behavior. If we observe a good behavior from other people, we are likely to behave well but if we observe bad behavior from them we behave badly. Albert Bandura is considered a major proponent of this theory. This approach also considers the environmental factors claiming they reinforce modeling.An individual can be reinforced directly by a model for example; a student can dress like other to fit in their group. A third person can also reinforce modeling. for example; a teacher may praise a certain student making the others to model him. It is also possible to imitate the behavior itself. For example; a student may play football during his leisure time influencing another to model the behavior. Social learning theory argues that reinforcement and punishment are necessary in learning. They influence the level at which a person demonstrates a learnt behavior. They argue that moral judgment concerning the right or wrong is modeled.Bandura outlined from major condition for modeling to occur; paying attention, remembering, ability to replicate, and motivation. Modeling leads to acquisition of new behavior, affects the frequency of embarking a learner behavior, encourages a fo rbidden behavior and increases the frequency of a similar behavior. They emphasize of self regulation in personality development. For example; setting own goals, self observation, self judgment and self reaction (Ormrod, J. E1999) The behavioral approach in personality assessment argues that personality can be acquired through observation.It put the environment accountable to personality difference among people. It assumes that we can understand other people by observing how they behave. It also argues that a response to certain stimuli molds behavior. Learning can occur though conditioning in both human and non human animals. It also assumes that all human are equal at birth. We are born a tabula rasa – empty slit – as we grow, the environmental factors molds our personality. Proponents of this approach include Skinners’ (1957) operant condition theory, Pavlov (1936) conditioning theory and Watson (1958). (Axialis Team 2008)Both the social learning and behavior al theories emphasize on observation learning to personality acquisition. They consider environmental factors that influence our personality. They also consider reinforcement and punishment an important factor in learning. However, social learning theory argues that learning is possible without necessarily changing the behavior. This contrast the behavioral approach that argues that learning must be represented by a permanent change in behavior. Social learning assumes people can learn through observation alone and which might not affect their performance thus may not or may impact behavior change.This contrasts the behavioral approach which assumes learning must involve a permanent change in behavior as well conditioning necessity in learning. Modeling, imitation and observation cannot be assumed in behavioral acquisition. Environmental factors too are very important in personality assessment. These two approaches consider this. They both make a step to explain broader personality to include the animals. On the other hand, we cannot assume the thought processes, unobservable activities, biological and genetic factors in personality assessment and which they assume.Conditioning approach can be useful in explaining how we develop a habit how we model it, who influence us towards the habit and how we can stop the habit. In my early stages of life, I used to like toys very much. My parent would make sure that they bought me. Initially, my elder brother used to like them too. My parents would buy him every time he performed better in school. He would spend time with them on his free time. He motivated my love for toys. When I started going to school, my parents adopted a similar strategy in buying me toys.It was not after I destroyed one like before, but after I performed better in school. I remember I had a hard time to adapt to this. Previously I mishandled them; after all they would buy me if damaged. This time round, it was based on performance. I wasn’ t a good performer but I had to work hard to get some new toys. If I didn’t perform well, the punishment was ‘no toy’. As time went by, my performance deteriorated. My parents withdrew their reinforcement. At the long run, there were no more new toys. The old ones were not pleasant at all. I hated them. My performance currently is better but I hate toys.In the behavioral view, I observed the habit from my brother and learnt it, the environmental factors, my parent, influenced me to possess the habit of destroying them in order to be bought some new. I was reinforced to work harder to get new toys. The negative stimulus, the punishment, was not to be bought new toys. The aversive stimulus was my parent’s withdrawal of new toys when my performance decreased. I later stopped liking toys a result of the negative reinforcement. In the social learning view, I learnt the habit from observing my brother; he used his free time well. My brother was my role model.I p aid attention to his habit, I rehearsed and was able to replicate the way he handled and treated the toys. However, my parent motivated me by realizing my habit and therefore bought me some more toys. I did not permanently adapt the behavior implying that learning does not necessarily change behavior. Social learning approach best describes my personality I was able to observe, pay attention, rehearse and replicate my brother’s behavior thus influencing my personality. I was able to regulate myself in settling my goals, observe and make my own judgment and choose my reaction from my parent’s move towards my habit.These theories explore the complexity of human nature. Whichever dimension they take as long as it explain personality assessment, is worth credential. However, if these approaches are merged they would have a better explanation to personality assessment. References Ormrod, J. E. (1999). Human learning. Social learning theory: Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice- Hall. Retrieved on Friday, October 31, 2008 from http://teachnet. edb. utexas. edu/~lynda_abbott/Social. html Axialis team (2008) Psychologist World. Behavioral approach. Retrieved on Friday, October 31, 2008 from http://www. psychologistworld. com/issues/behavioralapproach. php

Bashos Journey Essay example - 1313 Words

Basho 1. Where and when does Basho start his travels? Basho’s journey starts from a 17th Century Japanese city called Edo (present-day Tokyo). He had a cottage in a quiet, rural part of the city. He left Edo in the Spring season, â€Å" It was the Twenty-seventh Day, almost the end of the Third Month.† (p. 2112) 2. Why does Basho start his travels? Like many of us do, Basho was beginning to question the purpose of his existence. In comparison to what Dante was going through during the time he wrote the Inferno, Basho is having somewhat of a mid-life crisis. â€Å" I myself fell prey to wanderlust some years ago, desiring nothing better than to be a vagrant cloud scudding before the wind... But the year ended before I knew it... Bewitched by†¦show more content†¦She also described the poems as â€Å"gifts† to the reader. In comparison to Montaigne, Basho is not only quoting poets and scholars, he is finding poems to suit the moments he experiences. Basho is making an attempt to take the reader on a journey into his own personal paradigm where nature is king. Further, remember Basho’s famous poem that Elizabeth pointed out in class: â€Å"Furuike ya† POEMnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TRANSLATIONnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;MEANING furuike yanbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;a pondnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nature, permanence kawazu tobikomunbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;frog jumps in nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;springtime, twilight mizu no oto nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;sound of waternbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ripples and splash... onomatopoeia She referred to this as the Japanese â€Å"to be or not to be† 4. Pick a single haiku and explain its concerns and affects on the story. p. 2112 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Departing springtime: birds lament and fishes too nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;have tears in their eyes.Show MoreRelatedNature in Literature Essay examples786 Words   |  4 Pagesrole in many pieces of literature, but especially Basho’s Narrow Road to the Deep North and Voltaire’s Candide. There is a major difference between the two forms of literature and how nature is incorporated into each. This Japanese form of literature has a much lighter tone than that of the European style of literature. You can see a calmer, more relaxed intention into the nature that is in Basho’s Narrow Road to the Deep North. On page 413 in Basho’s piece, it says â€Å"As the year gradually came to anRead MoreSignificance of travel in Bashos Narrow Road Through the Backcountry1431 Words   |  6 Pagesfind the beautiful, we must carry it with us or we find it not. In BashÃ… s Narrow Road through the Backcountry, exactly this sentiment is realized in the literary capture of North Japans natural beauties on his journey for poetic enlightenment and motivation. This work is the story of the journey that BashÃ…  began near the end of his life in order to attain inspiration for writing poetry, specifically in haiku-type forms. BashÃ… s chosen path mirrored that of SaigyÃ… , a well respected monk and poetRead MoreThe Poetry of Tosa Nikki and Oku No Hosomichi Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesHeian period of Japan. Another important example of kiko, which is similar in ways yet also v ery dissimilar to Ki no Tsurayuki’s Tosa nikki, due in part to the many years that the two are separated by in terms of when they were composed, is Matsuo Basho’s Oku no hosomichi, or Narrow Road to the Interior/Narrow Road to the Deep North, which was written in the late 17th century during the Edo period of Japan. Ki no Tsurayuki’s Tosa nikki describes Tsurayuki’s return to his home in the capital afterRead More The Narrow Road of the Interior written by Matsuo Basho Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagesthe transience of life within his travel journal The Narrow Road of the Interior. This journal is wholly the recounting of expedition and ethos spanning a fifteen hundred mile feat, expressed in the form of a poetic memoir. It has been said that Basho’s emphasis on the Transient is directly related to his and much of his culture’s worldview of Zen Buddhism, which is renowned for its acknowledgement of the Transient as a tool for a more accurate picture of life and a higher achievement of enlightenmentRead MoreHaiku Poem1723 Words   |  7 Pagessmall things. Below is a poem of Basho’s economical depiction of a scene the poet saw on his travels, in which a boy was in a field. The situation draws the reader’s attention because the boy does not look at what he is doing, but looks at the moon. Basho notes the boy’s feeling of reluctance in doing his task, which is grinding work, while looking at the moon. a farmer’s child / stops husking rice / to gaze at the moon In 1684 Basho made journeys and accounted his travels and sightingsRead MoreThemes Of The Narrow Road To The Deep North1477 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Middle ages, Buddhism and poetry shaped Japanese culture in several aspects and especially Japaneses plays, and literature. Basho narrates his journey to explore natural world in The Narrow Road to the Deep North mostly through poems. He uses Haiku poem which is shortest type of Japanese poems expressed in seven seventh syllables divided in three sections. Basho being the a devotee Zen Buddhist, launches to free himself of the lavish secular life. He does not find meaning of existenceRead MoreEssay on Matsuo Bashos Inspiration790 Words   |  4 PagesBashÃ… Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Inspiration Poetry is used to convey one’s feelings in an abstract writing of profound perception. When writing poetry, one’s perception must have inspiration in order to breathe life and produce picturesque imagery upon paper. During late 19th century Japan, a linked-verse form of poetry called haiku, formerly known as hokku, was created. It was utilized to signify an autonomous poetic form originating from medieval comic linked verse. Haikus often describes the occurrences of natureRead MoreThe Narrow Road To The Deep North And The Railway Man Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagesstrong literary technique is the presence of the Japanese haiku’s marking the beginning of a new section of the story. The novel, titled the same well known Japanese poet Basho’s haibun, Oku no Hosomichi, which reflect a travel diary, a journey through Japan. The novel takes the same approach as the haibun, reflecting the journey, in which the broken characters take before and after the war. Al though the book centres on one character, Dorrigo Evans, the book branches out and links others who are desperateRead MoreAnalysis Of The Literary Works Of Bash Ã…Å', Khayyam, And Tagore2123 Words   |  9 Pages(Kawamoto 712). For instance, throughout his collection of poems, BashÃ…  employs natural imagery (such as the four seasons, rain, and sun) to explore the physiological interior through the natural exterior. It is reported that in the spring of 1684, BashÃ… Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s mother died and he went to visit his hometown to â€Å"deal† with his mother’s belonging (Aitken 5), in which he wrote: â€Å"At my native village/I wept over my umbilical cord/first rains of spring† (Aitken 6). Here, the speaker admits that he is no longer